Need of Standards

With the evolution of multidisciplinary engineering design and manufacturing from the Industrial Revolution to today, the need to standardize procedures to develop discrete products has increased manifold. This need encompasses areas such as methodology associated with design and manufacturing functions, use of materials, shape and size of the envisaged product, geometry data transfer to all other functions in the computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment, and waste disposal. In current scenario flowing are some of the reasons that makes Standardization of product, services important.

• Enhance health, safety and quality of life
• Improve performance
• Reduce risk
• Become more sustainable
• Facilitate global trade and market access
• Help produce efficient and effective products
• Reduce costs, improve supplier relations
• Guide business communications and marketing
• Advance innovation and new technologies
• Support regulatory goals and compliance
• Transfer technology to the marketplace
• Make modern conveniences possible

What Are Standards?

Standards are documents comprising of set of technical guidelines, procedures, requirements, specifications. Primary purpose of standards is no ensure reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or services and enhancing productivity and efficiency in every organization which relies on engineering. In some industry flowing a particular standard is voluntary whereas in some sectors it is basic requirement for participating industries.

Although standardization is promoted for most tasks in engineering design and manufacturing, certain tasks cannot be standardized or may not be accessible to the general engineering community. At the same time, standardization may not be seen as a development-restricting factor because of the evaluation procedure associated with the standardization.

Procedure to develop the standards

A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. For example ISO standards are developed by groups of experts from all over the world, that are part of larger groups called technical committees. These experts negotiate all aspects of the standard, including its scope, key definitions and content. Technical standard generation process is divided in 7 steps which are as follows.

• Identify: First, identify a need. This can be done by providers, user or both. For instance, technological advancements in remote monitoring of health conditions may require new standards to reflect the new reality. Once a need is identified, a project proposal to create a new standard, or to update an existing one, is put forward.
• Committee: Standards are created or reviewed by experts in the relevant field. They include researchers, users, Service provider etc, who form into a technical committee.
• Study: The technical committee conducts preliminary research and creates a draft outline of the new or revised standard. Much of this early work can be done remotely.
• Consensus: Once a draft is written, technical committee members formally meet in person to approve a draft for public review. This consensus is required in order to progress any further.
• Public Review: The next step is to present the new or revised standard for public review. Anyone is welcome to provide feedback to improve its quality and ensure standards cover all relevant areas and perspectives.
• Approve: After public review, the standard goes back to the technical committee to make amendments it deems necessary based on the feedback received. The committee then votes on the final version.
• Publish: After the new or revised standard receives final approval from the technical committee, it is officially released. User may purchase it and incorporate it into their practice.

How to access standards during the 2022 academic year in Campus?

For Faculty:-
E mail the particular standard requisition to library with following details:-

For Students:-
Student group either class or project design team need to written request to Class in charge or project in charge faculty with above mentioned details. Project incharge or class incharge need to recommend to that need to central library. Library will purchase one copy of a needed standard and notify the student when the standard is available.

Standard Resources:-

The below databases and webpages provide access to standards documents in Engineering and other fields

• NIST Standards (https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/standards-organizations-offer-free-access-their-standards)
• ASTM (https://www.astm.org/products-services/reading-room.html)
• ISO Publicly Available Standards (https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html)
• ASHRAE (https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/read-only-versions-of-ashrae-standards)
• ASME (Boiling and Pressure vessel code) (https://www.mass.gov/doc/2015-asme-boiler-and-pressure-vessel-code-section-i)
• NFPA (https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards)

How do I identify which standards are needed for my project?

While searching Focus your searches in databases that contain standards from those organizations. See the links in the Standards: Granting Organizations, Search Engines, and Vendors section.

• Identify which standards granting organizations produce standards for the topic you are searching.
• Search the standard number, title, and/or keywords of interest in the standards database
• Use parentheses to search you terms as a phrase.

Online course for Standards
Standardization & Technology By Jam Smits
https://www.coursera.org/learn/standardisation#syllabus

Standards Granting Organizations

• ACI: American Concrete Institute (ACI)
• AIAA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
• AIA and NAS: Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) and National Aerospace Standards (NAS)
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• ASABE: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)
• ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
• AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO)
• ASQ: American Society for Quality (ASQ)
• AWS: American Welding Society (AWS)
• BIFMA: Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA)
• BSI: British Standards Institution (BSI)
• CGSB: Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB)
• CSA: Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
• DOE-TSP: U.S. Department of Energy Technical Standards Program (DOE-TSP)
• ICC: International Code Council (ICC)
• IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• IEEE-SA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA)
• ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• ITU: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• LIA: Laser Institute of America in conjunction (LIA)
• NACE: National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
• NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
• NISO: National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
• NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce (NIST)
• NTSP: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technical Standards Program (NTSP)
• OSHA: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
• SAE International: Society of Automotive Engineers International (SAE)
• TAPPI: Technological Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI)
• TIA: Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
• UL: Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

Benefits Of Standardization

Today, formal procedures described as regulations, technical standards, codes of practice, technical specifications, frameworks, and benchmarks in a multidisciplinary engineering environment are practiced in a section of an engineering establishment, the whole engineering establishment, or different facilities run by the same establishment in one country or across the globe and during various interactions between different establishments to achieve the following benefits:

• Convenience in communication and commerce
• Convenience in building and operating a viable design system
• Convenience in building and operating a viable production system
• Convenience in training the workforce
• Convenience in maintaining the design tools and production Machineries
• Convenience in establishing reliability of the product based on data from basic design calculation and feedback from after-sales service
• Readiness in implementing global practices such as
  • Practices in design
  • Practices in ergonomics
  • Practices in design analysis
  • Practices in production control, including process planning and scheduling
  • Practices in manufacturing
  • Practices in assembly
  • Practices in quality control
  • Practices in maintaining optimal inventories of raw materials, finished goods, spare parts, work-holding devices, tools, and accessories
• Reduced cost of the product
• Standard Quality assurance procedures
• Standard Environment related procedures
• Ease in vendor development
• More control over accounting and financial matters
• Simpler to manage and profitable organization
• No restriction in developing new products

Organizations developing standards

There are five types of organizations that develop standards:

• ANSI-Accredited SDOs / VCSBs
• Professional and Scientific Organizations
• Certification / Accreditation Bodies
• Pharmacopeia
• Government Agencies

ANSI-ACCREDITED SDOS / VCSBS

Focus on developing, publishing, or disseminating technical standards using a consensus-based standards development process

• ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• ASTM International
• ATCC – American Type Culture Collection
• CLSI – Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute
• ICCBBA – International Council for Commonality in Blood Banking Automation
• IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• ISA – International Society of Automation
• ISO – International Organization for Standardization
• PDA – Parenteral Drug Association

PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS

Focused on areas of academic or industrial interest, May create non-consensus standards or informal best practices. Includes dedicated organizations that focus on developing non-consensus standards and aligning their field under common best practices

• ASHI – American Society of Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics
• BSI – British Standards Institution
• EuroFlow Consortium
• EFI – European Federation for Immunogenetics
• HCDM – Human Cell Differentiation Molecules
• ICH – International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
• ISAC – International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
• ISBER – International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories
• ISCT – International Society for Cellular Therapy
• ISSCR – International Society for Stem Cell Resesarch
• ONE Study Consortium
• VDI – Association of German Engineers

CERTIFICATION / ACCREDITATION BODIES

Offer third-party certification (also called accreditation) programs to confirm that facilities fully meet the process or system requirements of a standard they have chosen to adopt

May also create non-consensus standards

• AABB
• FACT – Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy

PHARMACOPEIA

Non-consensus standards-developing bodies that may serve as a source for consistent drug manufacturing methods within their country or region Publish compendial standards (also known as pharmacopeia) — collected volumes of standards often given the force of law by national regulation

• P. Eur. – European Pharmacopoeia
• USP – U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Organizations established by either a national government or a state government that create their own standards. Government regulations can incorporate consensus-based non-government standards, which makes a voluntary standard mandatory

• BIS - The Bureau of Indian Standards
• EC – European Commission
• EDQM – European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare / Ph. Eur. – Pharmacopoeia
• FDA – U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• Health Canada
• MHRA – Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
• NIBSC – National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
• NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology
• PMDA – Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Japan

Selected Standards Search Engines and Vendors

• AIAA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
• ACI: American Concrete Institute (ACI)
• ANSI Standards Store: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
• ASHRAE Store: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
• ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• ASQ: American Society for Quality (ASQ)
• AssistDocs: U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
• Assist-Quick Search: U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
• ASTM: formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
• Document Center
• IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• IEEE-SA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA)
• IHS Markit Standards
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• ITU: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• NFPA: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce (NIST)
• SAE International: Society of Automotive Engineers International (SAE)
• TAPPI: Technological Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI)
• TechStreet – Technical Information Superstore
• UL Catalog of Standards: Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

References:-

• Standards for Engineering Design and Manufacturing, Wasim Ahmed Khan, Abdul Raouf S.I., 1st Edition(2005), ISBN 978-0824758875, CRC Press,
• International Organization for Standardization. standards.iso.org
• American National standards Institute. www.ansi.org
• Bureau Of Indian Standards, bis.gov.in
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME.org
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE.org
• American Society for Testing and Materials. Astm.org
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHREA.org
• Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). En. Aenor.com
• Brazilian National Standards Organization, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT)
• Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA). Bifma.org
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Itu.int
• U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). osha.gov
• American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Aiaa.org
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technical Standards Program (NTSP). Standards.nasa.gov